Nuclear Safety & Preparedness

Radiation is energy emitted in tiny waves or particles. It naturally occurs in the environment; it is not new or mysterious. We receive radiation from the sun, minerals in the earth, food we eat, and building materials. We even give off radiation.

You can’t see, taste, or hear radiation. However, you can measure radiation – in units called rem and millirem. The rem is a unit of measure that considers the effect that different types of radiation have on the body.

Radiation can produce charged particles in material it strikes. Charged particles are known as ions. The most common types of ionizing radiation are alpha, beta, and gamma:

• Alpha radiation is the least penetrating type. It can be stopped with a shield equivalent to a sheet of paper.
• Beta radiation consists of electrons that can be stopped by the equivalent of thin cardboard.
• Gamma radiation consists of electro-magnetic waves that can be stopped by heavy shielding such as concrete or lead.

Exposure to large amounts of radiation can be harmful or even fatal; however, radiation emitted during normal nuclear power plant operations is very small, as indicated in the tables above.

Radiation risk depends on:

• The kind of rays and particles that strike an individual.
• The length of time you are exposed.
• The parts of your body exposed.
• The amount of radioactive material that enters an individual's body through eating or breathing.
• Age – radiation does more harm to young children because the cells in their bodies are growing much faster than the cells of older children and adults.

Nuclear plants produce electricity by boiling water to create steam, which turns a turbine to produce electricity. The difference is nuclear power plants create heat needed to boil water through nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is the physical process of splitting an atom to produce carbon-free electricity. Within the nuclear reactor, uranium, the most common nuclear fuel, is contained in small, ceramic pellets and placed in long, vertical tubes (called fuel rods). Fuel rods are then bundled together in fuel assemblies.

This animated graphic shows how a pressurized water reactor works. The core inside in the Reactor Vessel creates heat (where nuclear fission takes place). The Pressurizer keeps water under high pressure so that it heats but does not boil. The Steam Generator converts water coming from the reactor core into steam. Water from the reactor and the water in the steam generator that is turned into steam never mix. This allows most radioactivity to stay in the reactor area. Steam is then pumped into a Turbine, pushing giant blades to turn the electrical Generator. Electricity is produced and transmitted to your home. After turning the turbines, unused steam is cooled and condensed by cooling water from a water source through the Condenser. The condensed steam – now water – is pumped back into the Steam Generator to be reheated and the process is repeated.

Nuclear power stations are designed and built to prevent large amounts of radioactivity from reaching the environment, both during normal operation and in the event of an accident. These intensive efforts by the industry have worked well in the more than 40 years of nuclear power production in this country, without a single radiation-related death or serious injury involving a member of the public having ever been recorded. The likelihood of such an occurrence in the future is extremely small.